Following up on the interpretations and insights previously
outlined on the ancient Egyptian symbol of life, the Ankh,
I have been considering to what extent spiritual progress as defined in the
Ankh is held in common with other religions. That is, is there a common concept
of a path and progress along it? To recap the insight on the Ankh, there are
two aspects of development as described below:
1)
A path through material existence - Shedding
conceptual attachments and abiding in a state of equanimity and loving kindness
– the horizontal axis; and
2)
The means to progress along the path – Perfecting
wisdom through the elimination of ignorance with respect to the nature of
material reality – the vertical axis.
Buddhism
In Buddhist terminology these concepts are relatively clear.
That is, through eliminating all delusions of form and discriminative thoughts,
recognising that ultimately all of conditioned reality is Śūnyatā, the
Bodhisattva’s mind is freed from hindrances and he/she attains the path. Then
through the perfection of wisdom, the Bodhisattva achieves enlightenment as the
unconditioned is realised, ultimately transcending suffering as the
unconditioned is made manifest and Nirvana is achieved. As we have previously
identified, these correlations are clearly described in the Heart
Sutra.
There is, of course, a large body of work in support of this
simple message, with great traditions, elaborate ceremonies and rituals. These may be very appealing for the mystical
qualities they allude to, but if not understood with the context of the fundamental
tenant of spiritual development, they may be quite confusing, repetitive and
meaningless. Ironically, one may become attached to the very tools intended to
break-free of one’s attachment to form and conceptualisations.
Christianity
What of Christianity?
Might a similar path be described? In the traditional King James Bible we
certainly see talk of a path in Matthew 7:13-14 :
13 Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is
the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat:
14 Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth
unto life, and few there be that find it.
In this quote from the Book of Matthew one can almost see the
disciple Matthew leaning forward in earnest attendance, listening to Jesus as
he gestures to the right and left of the vertical axis of the Ankh, explaining
how broad the ways of “destruction” are compared to the narrow path that leads
to life, as he points along the vertical axis.
Of course, the life of Jesus is itself a lesson in unattached
compassion and loving kindness, even unto his death where he foresaw his
demise, yet demonstrated his transcendence of all material attachment by
sacrificing even his body to edify others with this example. But what better
example is there than the parable of the suckling infants from the Nag Hammadi Gnostic collection
of the need to balance discriminative perceptions of existential duality as a requirement
for entering the “Kingdom”.
(22) Jesus saw
infants being suckled. He said to his disciples, "These infants being
suckled are like those who enter the kingdom."
They said to him, "Shall we
then, as children, enter the kingdom?"
Jesus said to them, "When
you make the two one, and when you make the inside like the outside and the
outside like the inside, and the above like the below, and when you make the
male and the female one and the same, so that the male not be male nor the
female female; and when you fashion eyes in the place of an eye, and a hand in
place of a hand, and a foot in place of a foot, and a likeness in place of a
likeness; then will you enter the kingdom."
And again he admonishes his disciples to reconcile their
discriminative conceptualisation if they are to overcome the limitations of existence
within a body (house):
(48) Jesus
said, "If two make peace with each other in this one house, they will say
to the mountain, 'Move Away,' and it will move away."
It would appear that Christianity as preached by Jesus was
pretty definite about the need to overcome attachment to discriminations of dualistic
polarity as a means to enter the “Kingdom of Heaven” and this is precisely the
path described in the Ankh.
Taoism
In Taoism, the idea of a Path or Way to transcend this
Earthly existence also is not only clearly identified, but is the focus. The
very meaning of Tao is Path or Way and we see the first two verses of the Tao
Te Ching describing the Path, again consistently with the symbolism of the Ankh
as described by the polarity of concepts (duality) within a spectrum of
Attachment:
Verse 1:
The Tao that can be followed [or walked, in material terms] is not the
eternal Tao.
The name that can be named [conceptualised and discriminated] is not the eternal
name.
The nameless is the origin of heaven and earth
While naming [discriminative conceptualisations] is the origin of the myriad
things.
Therefore, always desireless [without attachment], you see the mystery
Ever desiring, you see the manifestations.
These two are the same—
When they appear they are named differently.
Their sameness is the mystery,
Mystery within mystery;
The door to all marvels.
Verse 2:
All in the world recognize the beautiful as beautiful.
Herein lies ugliness.
All recognize the good as good.
Herein lies evil.
Therefore
Being and non-being produce each other.
Difficulty and ease bring about each other.
Long and short delimit each other.
High and low rest on each other.
Sound and voice harmonize each other.
Front and back follow each other.
Therefore the sage abides in the condition of wu-wei (unattached
action).
And carries out the wordless teaching.
Here, the myriad things are made, yet not separated.
Therefore the sage produces without possessing,
Acts without expectations
And accomplishes without abiding in her accomplishments.
It is precisely because she does not abide in them
That they never leave her.
Tao Te Ching, Translated
by Charles Muller [with my clarifications]
Above we see, repeated and expounded, the potential for
entrapment by identifying with and becoming attached to the conceptualisations
and discriminations of the material world. That is, it is only through
recognising the equivalence of opposing polarities that one finds the Path
(Tao) and the work of the Sage is begun.
My guess is that there would be similar correspondences to
the Ankh symbolism at the root of most, if not all, major religions. How the
message gets confused through course of time would be like a game of Chinese whispers,
where interpretations of a story differ with each explanation or where points
of importance are omitted as their significance is not recognised. Then of
course there is the theoretical analysis and intellectualisations that have occurred
to attempt to explain in different words the message that is otherwise so
consistent.
However, grasping the meaning of the Ankh, the Tao, Jesus or
the Buddha is not easy or straightforward and so undoubtedly tools and
developmental supports would have been constructed over the millennia to
introduce neophyte seekers to the concepts and to educate them on the path. For
those reliant on such tools, like the Ankh, it is important to remember that
they are nothing but tools to support and they are not to be relied on beyond
that. In fact, such supports must be abandoned and removed, otherwise they will
act an anchor holding one back from self-realisation. It is important to
recognise, therefore, that if the Ankh as described in these pages is at all
useful, it is only as a small tool, a signpost along the road and is not to be
confused with the road itself.
Hopefully,
we are a little closer to understanding the sayings of Jesus, the Tao Te Ching and
the words of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the Heart
Sutra:
Here, O Sariputra, form is emptiness and the very emptiness is
form; emptiness does not differ from form, form does not differ from emptiness,
whatever is emptiness, that is form, the same is true of feelings, perceptions,
impulses, and consciousness.
Namaste.